<![CDATA[622005156]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com Thu, 26 Nov 2009 21:39:38 GMT Qzone zh-cn Copyright (C), 2005-2008, Tencent Tech. Co., Ltd. Thu, 24 May 2007 02:28:39 GMT <![CDATA[如何突破考研语法难句]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/30 如果你认为语法知识不再像过去那样作为专项考试形式来考（为考而考），在整个复习安排中对语法基础避而弃之，那么你就大错特错了！如果你认为自己的语法基础差，花费了大量的时间和精力去死背语法的条条框框，尽管付出了许多时间和劳动力，但分数却停留在某种令人十分尴尬的境地，那么你对考研英语的考察要点、重点、难点、盲点可谓知之甚少！如果你认为解决了长句和难句那么所有阅读理解的问题都解决了，那么你也许被误导了！
记住：考研英语绝不是不考语法，而是考核的形式改变了，考察的要求更高了。试问如果没有笃实的语法基础知识作保障，何以进行完型填空题所要求的语言形式结构和完整思考？何以把握语段一致性和连贯性的逻辑层次的推理？翻译岂不变成了文法不通的中文“对号入座”？写作岂不变成了英文单词的中文叠加？作为一名英语语言研究的专业学者，作为考研讲台上负责任的教师，对你认知上的误区予以纠正，对你语法学习中的困难给予帮助，对你语法学习提供“标本兼治”之道，是我义不容辞的责任。
在进行系统复习语法知识要点、重点、难点、盲点时，建议你从以下18个主要方面进行：并列句的同等关系、并列句的选择关系、并列句的转折关系、并列句的因果关系、并列句的对比关系；复合句的主语从句、复合句的宾语从句、复合句的表语从句、复合句的同位语从句、复合句的定语从句、复合句的状语从句；非谓语动词；谓语动词的时态；谓语动词的语态（包括其翻译的方法）；倒装结构句；比较结构句；省略句结构；关于as与than的特殊用法等。
考研英语的学习为英语学习的高级阶段。你也许经过多年的外语学习，基本掌握了常见的语法基础知识，所需要的是一个更为完整的概念。在理顺思路的过程中，去发现自己的薄弱环节。因此，忽视意义或脱离语境的机械操练，过分强调死记硬背语法规则或在没有充分语境的情况下刻意地去分析长句、难句、某些少见的语法现象，这一做法的最终结果往往会使你失去学习的兴趣、航向和效率。在理论上违背科学的教学原则，在实践中浪费了宝贵的学习时间。换言之，在你平时阅读时，如果可以“通顺”地理解所读材料的含义，那么不必停留下来去刻意分析语法要点；而当你发现自己无法“通顺”地理解，那么就有必要去分析造成困难的语法要点、重点、难点或盲点了。记住：你完全可以在历届阅读真题学习过程中去学习语法，并对某一语法现象“融会贯通”、“举一反三”。
以上所言乃考研英语语法学习问题之“标”，那么其“本”又是什么？语法学习之“本”者，在学习中“析出”英语语言思维之道或将英语语言思维之道用于语法学习也！只有这样，你才能在短时间内求得高质量的学习效果，以快速达到准确、自如的境界。
例如，英语两种语言分属两个不同的语系，在行文组织及句法结构上存在着很大的差异。英语句法多采用“形合”，而汉语句法多采用“意合”。有些语言学家形象地将英语句子称为“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，信息内容像竹竿子一样一节一节地同下去，很少有叠床架屋的结构，因而常被称为“竹竿型”结构。
更具体地说，不容否定的是两门语言之间在思想的组织方面是存在差异的。英语在组织思想时常常使用的顺序是：1. 先“结论” → 再“前提”；2. 先“结论” → 再“条件”；3. 先“结果” → 再“原因”；4. 先“议题” → 再“背景”等。这一顺序（或思维组织）也同样会体现在句子（长句和难句）中。例如 No longer are “separate but equal” schools regarded as being permitted under the “equal protection of the laws” provision of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.这句话的思想组织顺序为先“结论”再“条件或前提”，是地道的英语思想组织方式。而汉语的表达方式恰恰相反，即“前提→结论”。本句可翻译为“根据第14条（美国）宪法修正案关于‘法律上受公平保护’的条款，所谓‘分隔 、而平等’的学校，已不再视为合法。”其实，这里谈到的“英语语言思维之道”适用于句子、段落以及篇章的组织和结构。
由于篇幅所限，不能列举大量的实例，但是考研英语语法学习的“标”与“本”是你必须解决的问题。通过系统复习“走近”语法，通过语境中的长句与难句分析“通悟”语法，通过思维方式的“渠道”去“驾御”语法，同时解决“标”与“本”的问题，你必能运筹帷幄另外一场考试之战役！

]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/30#comment 512 Thu, 24 May 2007 02:28:39 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/30 <![CDATA[2007考研英语常考词语的固定搭配(一)]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/29

(一)名词的固定搭配

介词+名词形式

第一组

by accident 偶然 on account of 因为，由于

in addition 另外 in addition to 除……之外(包括)

in the air 在流行中，在传播中

on (the/an) average 平均，一般来说

on the basis of 根据，在……的基础上

at (the) best 充其量，至多

for the better 好转，改善

on board 在船(车、飞机)上

out of breath 喘不过气来

on business 因公，因事

in any case 无论如何，总之

in case of 假使，万一

in case 假如，以防(万一)，免得

in no case 决不

第二组

by chance 偶然，碰巧

in charge (of) 负责，主管

(a) round the clock 昼夜不停地

in common 共用，共有，共同

in conclusion 最后，总之

on condition that 在……条件下

in confidence 信任

in connection with/to关于

in consequence 因此，结果

in consequence of 由于……的缘故

on the contrary 反之，正相反

in contrast with/to 与……成对照

out of control 失去控制

under control 被控制住

at all costs 不惜任何代价

at the cost of 以……为代价

第三组

in the course of 在……过程中，在……期间

of course 当然，自然，无疑

in danger 在危险中，垂危

out of danger 脱离危险

out of date 过期(时)的

up to date 时新的

in debt 欠债

in detail 详细地

in difficulties 处境困难

in the distance 在远处

off duty 下班

on duty 值班，上班

on earth 究竟，到底

at all events 无论如何

in any event 无论如何

in effect 有效；实际上

第四组

in the event of 万一，如果发生

for example 例如

with the exception of除……之外

in the face of 面对，不顾，即使

in fact 其实，实际上

on fire 烧着

on foot 步行

in force 有效；实施中

in favo(u)r of 有利于，赞成，支持

in front of 在……面前

in (the) future 今后，将来

on guard 警惕，防范

in general 通常，大体上

in half 成两半

at hand 在手边，在附近

from tip to toe 彻头彻尾，完全

by hand 用手

hand down to 往下传，传给(后代)

第五组

hand in hand 手拉手，携手

in hand 在掌握中，在控制中

on hand 在手边，临近

on (the) one hand... 一方面……，

on the other hand...另一方面……

at heart 在内心；实质上

by heart 牢记，凭记忆

at home 在家，在国内；自在，自如

in honor of 以纪念，向……表示敬意

on one’s honor 以名誉担保

in a hurry 匆忙地，立即

for instance 例如，举例说

at intervals 不时，时时

at last 最终，终于

at least 至少，最低限度

in the least 一点，丝毫

第六组

at length 终于，最后；详细地

in the light of 按照，根据

in line 成一直线，排成一行

in line with 与……一致，按照

at a loss 困惑，不知所措

by all means 无论如何，必定

by means of 借助于，用

by no means 决不

in memory of 纪念

at the mercy of 在……支配下

by mistake 错误地

at the moment 现在，此刻

for a moment 片刻，一会儿

for the moment 现在，暂时

in a moment 立刻，马上

第七组

in nature 本质上

on occasion 有时，不时

in order 秩序井然，整齐

in order to 以便，为了

in order that 以便

out of order 发生故障，失调

on one’s own 独自地，独立地

in particular 特别地，尤其，详细地

in the past 在过去，以往

in person 亲自

in place 在适当的位置

in place of 代替

in the first place 起初，首先

in the last place 最后

out of place 不得其所的，不适当的

on the point 即将……的时候

第八组

to the point 切中要害，切题

in practice 在实际中，实际上

out of practice 久不练习，荒疏

at present 目前，现在

for the present 目前，暂时

in proportion to (与……)成比例的

in public 公开地，当众

for (the) purpose of为了

on purpose 故意，有意

with the purpose of 为了

in question 正在考虑

at random 随意地，任意地

at any rate 无论如何，至少

by reason of 由于

as regards 关于，至于

with/in regard to 对于，就……而论

第九组

in/with relation to 关系到

with respect to 关于

as a result 结果，因此

as a result of 由于……的结果

in return 作为报答，作为回报

on the road 在旅途中

as a rule 规章，规则；通常，照例

in the long run 最终，从长远观点看

for the sake of 为了……起见

on sale 出售；贱卖

on a large scale 大规模地

on a small scale 小规模地

in secret 秘密地，私下地

in a sense 从某种意义上说

in shape 处于良好状态

on the side 作为兼职，额外

第十组

at first sight 乍一看，初看起来

in sight 被看到，在望

out of sight 看不见，在视野之外

in spite of 不管，不顾；尽管，虽然

on the spot 当场，在现场

in step 同步，合拍

out of step 步调不一致，不协调

in stock 现有，备有

in sum 总而言之

in tears 流着泪，含泪，哭

in terms of 依据，按照；用……措词

for one thing 首先，一则

on the second thoughts 经重新考虑，一转念

at a time 每次，一次

at no time 从不，决不

at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾

第十一组

at the same time 但是，然而，同时

at times 有时

for the time being 目前，暂时

from time to time 有时，不时

in no time 立即，马上

in time 及时，适时地

on time 准时

on top of 在……之上

out of touch 失去联系

in truth 事实上，实际上，的确

on try 试穿

by turns 轮流，交替地

in turn 依次，轮流

in vain 徒劳，无效

a variety of 种种，各种

by virtue of 由于

第十二组

by the way 顺便提一下，另外

by way of 经由，通过……方式

in a way 在某点，在某种程度上

in no way 决不

in the way of 妨碍

in one’s/the way 妨碍，阻碍

after a while 过了一会，不久

for a while 暂时，一时

on the whole 总的来说

in a word 总而言之

in other words 换句话说，也就是说

at work 在工作，忙于

out of work 失业

in the world 到底，究竟动词+名词形式

第十三组

have/gain access to 可以获得

take...into account 考虑

gain/have an advantage over胜过，优于

pay the way for 为……铺平道路

take advantage of 利用，趁……之机

pay attention to 注意

do/try one’s best 尽力，努力

get the best of 胜过

make the best of 充分利用，妥善处理

get the better of 打败，致胜

catch one’s breath 屏息，歇口气

take care 小心，当心

take care of 照顾，照料

take a chance 冒险一试

take charge of 担任，负责

keep company with 与……交往

take delight in 以……为乐

with delight 欣然，乐意地

第十四组

make a/the difference 有影响，很重要

carry/bring into effect 使生效，使起作用

put into effect 实行，生效

come/go into effect 生效，实施

take effect 生效，起作用

catch one’s eye 引人注目

keep an eye on 留意，照看

make faces 做鬼脸

find fault 埋怨，挑剔

catch fire 着火

come/go into force 生效，实施

make friends 交朋友，友好相处

be friends with 对……友好，与……交上朋友

make fun of 取笑，嘲弄

keep one’s head 保持镇静

lose one’s head 不知所措

第十五组

lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心

get/learn by heart 记住，背诵

get hold of 抓住，掌握

keep house 管理家务，做家务

throw/cast light on 使明白，阐明

bear/keep in mind 记住

have in mind 记住，考虑到，想到

make up one’s mind 下决心

come/go into operation 使投入生产，使运转

put in order 整理，检修

keep/hold pace with 跟上，与……同步

play a part 起作用

take place 发生，进行

take the place of 代替

come to the point 说到要点，扼要地说

bring/carry into practice 实施，实行

第十六组

make progress 进步，进展

give rise to 引起，使发生

make sense 讲得通，有意义

catch the sight of 发现，突然看见

(go) on the stage 当演员

take one’s time 不急不忙，从容进行

keep in touch 保持联系

keep track 通晓事态，注意动向

lose track 失去联系

make use of 利用

put to use 使用，利用

give way 让路，让步

lead the way 带路，引路

make one’s way 前进，进行

make way 让路，开路

keep one’s word 遵守诺言

第十七组

act on 作用

appeal to 呼吁，要求

attempt at 企图，努力

attitude to/towards 态度，看法

a great/good deal of 大量(的)，许多(的)

influence on 影响

interference in 干涉

interference with 妨碍，打扰

第十八组

introduce to 介绍

a lot (of) 许多(的)，大量(的)

lots of 大量，很多

fall in love with 相爱，爱上

a matter of (关于……)的问题

a number of 若干，许多

reply to 回答，答复

a series of 一系列，一连串

其他固定搭配

第十九组

trolley bus 无轨电车

I.D. card 身份证

credit card 信用卡

no doubt 无疑，必定

next door 隔壁

out of doors 在户外

face to face 面对面地

as a matter of fact 实际情况，真相

a few 有些，几个

quite a few 还不少，有相当数目的

a little 一点，稍微，一些，少许

little by little 逐渐地

quite a little 相当多，不少

no matter 无论

the moment (that) 一……就

no more 不再

第二十组

fair play 公平竞赛；公平对待

in demand 有需要，销路好

rest room 厕所，盥洗室

primary school 小学

side by side 肩并肩，一个挨一个

heart and soul 全心全意

step by step 逐步

ahead of time 提前

all the time 一直，始终

once upon a time 从前

once in a while 偶尔，有时

no wonder 难怪，怪不得

word for word 逐字地

decline with thanks 婉言谢绝
(二)动词的固定搭配

动词+介词形式

第二十一组

account for 说明(原因等)

aim at 瞄准，针对

allow for 考虑到

appeal to 呼吁，要求

arrive at 达成，得出

ask after 询问，问候

ask for 请求，要求

attach to 附属于，隶属于

begin with 从开始

break into 闯入

break off 断绝，结束

break through 突破

break up 中止，结束；打碎，折断

bring about 带来，造成

bring down 打倒，挫伤；降低

bring forth 产生，提上

第二十二组

bring forward 提出

bring out 使出现；公布；出版

bring up 教育，培养，使成长

build up 积累；堵塞；树立，逐步建立；增进；锻炼

call for 邀请；要求；需求

call forth 唤起，引起；振作起，鼓起

call off 放弃，取消

catch at 抓住(东西)

call on/upon 访问，拜访；号召，呼吁

call up 召集，动员；打电话

care for 照管，关心；喜欢，意欲

carry off 夺去

carry on 继续下去；从事，经营

carry out 贯彻，执行；实现

come to 总计，达到；苏醒，复原

count on 依靠；期待，指望

count up 把……相加

第二十三组

cover up 掩饰，掩盖

cut across 走捷径，抄近路

deal with 处理，对付，安排

do without 没有……也行

fill in/out 填充，填写

get at 得到，接近；意思是

get into 进入，陷入

go after 追求

go into 进入；研究，调查

go for 竭力想取得；喜爱；支持，拥护

go through 经历，经受；详细检查

go with 伴随，与……协调

go without 没有……也行

improve on 改进

keep to 保持，坚持

lie in 在于

live up to 不辜负

第二十四组

live on/by 靠……生活，以……为食

live through 度过，经受过

look after 照管，照料

look at 看望，注视

look for 寻找，寻求

look into 调查，观察，过问；窥视

look over 检查，查看，调查

look through 仔细查看，浏览，温习

make for 走向，驶向；有助于

occur to 被想到，被想起

play with 以……为消遣，玩弄





]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/29#comment 512 Thu, 24 May 2007 02:26:11 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/29 <![CDATA[陈文灯：考研六条成功经验]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/28
　　第一条成功经验参加这么一种高层次的考试，首先应该做到三心二意，三心指得是决心、信心、恒心。二意就是意念成功，意志坚强，这点很重要，这是精神的力量。如果不是想着我一定要成功，我一定会成功，那么他在复习过程中，就不可能想方设法去克服一些困难。
　　第二条成功经验，那就是要一心一意，所谓一心一意就是听谁的课就要买谁的书，买谁的书就来听谁的课，有的同学想得很好，认为我听张三的课买李四的书，这样可以把两个老师的优势集中在一起，实际上这是不太现实的，不同的老师有不同的思维方式，你很难在短的时间内把它融合在一起。
　　第三条成功经验就是要准备比较好的辅导书。什么样的书叫比较好呢？很多同学说应该有四个特点，一个特点有归纳，有总结，是以提携为纲而不是搞题海战术，数学题是做不完的，但是数学题型就一百多个，你学会它还是比较容易的。第二个特点就是有解惑解渴的功能，很多同学在大学阶段数学学的是不错的，但是并不是说一点死角都没有，像一个方程根过程的讨论，还有函数分成的求解，不等式的证明等等。这些问题在大学本科阶段不做什么要求，但是考研却是重点，所以对这些在过去没有很好总结的，如果看到某一种书解决了，那就是说这本书是很解渴的。第三个特点是有前瞻性，作者归纳总结的方法和技巧对于解决研究生中的一些比较难的题，综合题很强的题很有指导意义。第四个特点难易程度应该和研究生试卷大致相当或者稍微难一点，千万不能看太简单的书，那没有用。
　　第四条经验就是高度重视以往的研究生试卷，应该多做研究生考题，这点很重要。一个同学浪费大量时间去打听了解有哪些专家命题，把这些专家的学生笔记弄到手，这是白搭的，我们还不是搞情报工作的，就是搞情报工作，那又有什么价值，因为研究生考试不仅是水平考试，还是选拔考试，如果真的要想了解研究生考试的实际情况，我们主要把过去研究生试卷中的一些题型梳理一下，仔细分析研究，就可以看出来。那是命题专家的爱好、兴趣和他们心目中的重点。在这些方面多下点工夫去看看是很有必要的。
　　第五条成功经验，那就是应该组织起来，考同一类数学的同学五六个，七八个同学组建一个学习小组，这个小组一个是交流一下复习的经验，切磋一下解题的方法技巧，可能更主要因为我们组织起来，七八个同学可以再去买三四本辅导书，这些辅导书就不要那么详细地看，要看主要是例题，不要每个人都看，可以指定某一两个同学去看这本书，那一两个同学看另外一本书。这些辅导书中难度非常大的例题和非常简单的例题就不要看了，要看的就是那些看似简单，但是自己做又没有思路，一看简单，后来比较难，这样的题就是好题，说不定你把它抄下，七八个同学交换地看一看，说不定这样做，就能在研究生试卷中看到非常熟悉的面孔。因为写书的要查阅国内外大量的资料，而命题的也要查阅大量的资料，都查资料，就可能撞上了。这样组织起来的成功实例是很多的，最典型的就是2002年北方交大有一个宿舍住着八个女孩子，她们都想考研，最终有一个保送，另外七个都考上了，其中有一个同学大一的时候高数不及格，考研的时候数学考了92分，那个时候满分是100分，是相当不简单的。
　　第六条成功经验就是既然数学难考，就要早做准备，早动手，应该规划好每一个阶段的复习，应该规划我们每一个阶段想要达到的目的。

]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/28#comment 512 Thu, 24 May 2007 02:21:46 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/28 <![CDATA[多情只有春庭月]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/27 　　所以，明智的人应该知道何取何舍！但是我却……

爱情，本是一件朴素所袍子，然而人类是富于想象的生物，愿意为它蒙上华丽的色泽，成为一袭缎衣。于是便有了春感秋悲，朝啼暮怨，于是便有了为爱所受的种种磨难，委屈，悲伤。可是缎衣虽美，终究无法温暖一颗渴望温暖的心，它的内容并不实在。
所以，明智的人应该知道何取何舍！但是我却……
多 情 只 有 春 庭 月
你在岁月中来来去去
任我把你放缩在深深的瞳孔
难道你的出现仅是上帝安插在我眼中的风景

一天一天过去
当我的爱恋逐渐遥远而模糊
我也开始准备相信
这辈子我们将不再交集

但是啊
还是常常听见心底那个小小的声音
希望 某天 能够再遇见你

因为啊
这么多日子来辛苦地把你忘记
竟是白费力气

光阴似箭，箭箭穿心
日月如梭，梭梭滴血
光阴似蝴蝶，翩翩飞去
日月如蜜蜂，一次只留下一些夹杂着痛苦的蜜

如今你在白云千载空悠悠的江城武汉准备考研，真心的希望你能够顺利通过！不管你曾经对我是如此的冷漠，但是我从没有怪过你，而是真心的希望你一切都好。只要你觉得好，我愿意退出你的视线。
曾经不知相思为何物，现在却……真是应了那句“不会相思，学会相思，就害相思”。思念是一条河，流淌出眼角的泪雨千行；思念是一杯茶，冉冉地散发出微苦的芳香。更苦的是，这种苦不能够说。
对于你考研过程中面临了什么，有哪些困难，身体是否还好，学习进度如何等等问题。我很想知道，但是我又不敢问。怕你那冷漠的几个字刺痛我脆弱的心，怕打扰到你，烦到你不能够好好备考。但是我却忘记不了你，忘不了我们仅有的几次相逢。忘记不了你笑时的样子，忘不了你忧愁不语时的表情，和别人与你意见不同时你那既令人生气又令人想笑的语气，也忘记不了你转身离去时那冷漠的身影……我还没有到考研的时候，但是能够理会别人所言考研是苦行僧式的生活，不知道你的胃好了没有，一切都好吗？
有时常常追问自己这样是为了什么，这样执着是为了什么？！
为什么，在开始之前，我就预知了结局，却仍不愿意放弃！
为什么，在结束之后，我却还忘不了那个开始！

记得第一次在广州见你，你傻乎乎的坐在站牌旁边的花坛沿上，那天是十月三日，广州的太阳绝对可以跟“三大火炉”之一的武汉相媲美。当看到你那样既傻又可爱的样子时，我还没有下车就忍不住笑了，心想这个男孩真有意思！那天带你转华南师大时你说可能你过了年后就不来广州了，不知为什么第一次见你，听到你说这句话时我竟就有些莫明的伤感，那天你请我在广州天河城的飞扬影城看了我在广州近两年来的第一场电影，那张电影票我现在还留着，贴在了我的日记本上。每当翻到时，总又种说不清的酸涩感觉。
你跟我哥哥是同学又是同事，所以从认识你的那天起，我便很乐意往我哥哥那里跑，为的是能够碰到你。说实话，那一学期我的成绩滑落了，因为我思想被你占住了。思维乱套了，一向自诩很理智的我，失去了理智。曾经自问：感情纠葛不清，情路迷茫，考场彷徨，生活的步调难道就是这样的吗？你工作不如意时，我拼命的找笑话用手机短信发给你，可是多半情况下得到是淡淡的几个毫无半点感情色彩的字，而且你从来不会管我怎么样，除非是问一些学习上的问题，但是我却乐此不疲。你从来不透漏你的想法给我，除了有时候发一些短信表示我很烦以外，所以严格的说是我自已一厢情愿的单相思着，这令我很痛苦，留下了很多泪，有时觉得无奈忘记不了你时，就用手拼命的拍我的脸，一遍遍问自己，“傻瓜！你这样是何苦呀！明明知道没有结果，甚是连半点同情安慰的话语都不会得到，你为什么还时时想着他呢？！你怎么这么贱呀！”可是没有用，那种割舍不断的思绪会象泛滥的洪水般侵袭着我，让我不能够呼吸。
那次过年你回武汉，我以为你过年后就不会回广州了，多次请求你让我送你一程，当时你答应了，可是你却在我考完最后一门的前几个小时离开了广州。
我完全不知所措，一遍一遍的徘徊在那条你我还有我哥哥一起经常走的那条熟悉而陌生的街道。仅有的几次见面的画面的我的脑海种象已经刻成了光盘一样，一遍一遍的放映着，那样的刻骨铭心的思念。
此一别以为再可能见不到你了，然而今年春节你又因为种种压迫又回到了广州。当知道你要回来时，我好高兴呀，过年时的种种不愉快在一瞬间烟消云散了。依旧我向你要求我想到机场去接你，被你拒绝是我不问自知的。但是我却依旧要固执的去撞那块又厚又冷又坚硬的向冬天的柏林墙一样的你的心，撞得我一鼻子灰也是意料之中的事，因为我不只一次的被你关闭在你的心门之外。
那天早上广州很冷，我几乎一宿没有睡，第二天早上四点多就起床了，坐在书桌前发呆等天亮，等坐头趟公汽，可是在广州读大学的近两年时间里我还没有去过机场，所以再转车时就晕了头，后来只好打的过去。那天从武汉到广州的航班有十趟，你不愿意我接你，所以不告诉我你坐的是哪趟航班，我只能够固执的一趟一趟的等，每从迎客厅走出一批人时我便睁大眼睛张望。一次一次的都没有见到你，我失望了。发短信问你，你却总不愿告诉我。两个固执的人就这样僵持着。终于，等到中午依旧不见你时我心灰意冷了，又冷又饿，于是我便沿着机场路慢慢的往回走。走了好久好远，但是看到一架一架的飞机从头顶上空飞过时，在想哪架飞机上会坐着你呢？思绪混乱，突然固执的我又急急的往回走，不愿意就这样等了那么久就这么回去。回到迎客厅，看到一点五十有趟航班是从武汉到广州的，在心里暗自想，这趟如果再等不到你，我就打车回宿舍了。失望，无尽的失望，望穿人群也没有见到你，我当时的痛苦不可言语。谁都没有想到我竟然又等过了一趟航班，依旧没有见到你，我心死了，想流泪，可是流不下泪水，那么爱哭的我竟然在那一刻没有了眼泪。在我无限痛苦语绝望时，真的该走了，可是在留恋机场的回头的那一瞥，我竟然看到了他。这是为什么，又说明了什么了，最后理智告诉我，那什么都不能够代表，所以我没有喜悦……
但是虽然你工作的公司在广州，可是极少时候呆在广州，四五个月以来才见过你两次，最后你离开广州辞职回武汉考研了到现在不仅见不到你，连短信也少发给你了。因为我知道你根本不喜欢我，爱情是不能够勉强的，所以我不想烦你，不想扰乱你的复习。一遍遍的克制着自己，也就一次次的伤到自己，泪水常流。真是正如古人所言“无情不似多情苦，一寸还成千万缕。天涯海角有穷时，只有相思无尽去。”

一天当看到这段话时，似乎突然醒悟了。“爱情，本是一件朴素所袍子，然而人类是富于想象的生物，愿意为它蒙上华丽的色泽，成为一袭缎衣。于是便有了春感秋悲，朝啼暮怨，于是便有了为爱所受的种种磨难，委屈，悲伤。可是缎衣虽美，终究无法温暖一颗渴望温暖的心，它的内容并不实在。”因为我根本不了解你，我只知道你不喜欢我，老是象避瘟神一样的避着我。而我却独自固执的在心里把对你的思恋想成是美好的，其实一切并非美好，退一万步说，做一个百分之两百步成立的假设，就算你真的答应我走在你旁边，我也步可能得到温暖，因为那件被我想像的很美好的缎衣根本步可能温暖我的心。有一千万个理由让我步要固执，不要再傻着执着没有结果的这份感情。可是……
步入大三的我在今天想到考研要挑选的学校时，我竟然回想到回武汉，因为当我进读研一的时候，你读研三。我自己都被自己的想法给弄得……确实是没有办法，无言我自己是中邪了还是咋的了。现在想想也许那时後他身边肯定有一位女友时伴左右，我……现在我觉得无所谓，只要他觉得开心，我只要能够见到他就行了，现在心情平静了许多，但是不知道友那个如果见到我假设的那样的话，又不知道我会不会象现在想的这样坦然。或许真如他所言：时间能够冲淡一切的。
今天在考研网上看了很多文章，便突发了想写点东西的冲动，于是便有了上面言语混乱的一片陋作！
]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/27#comment 512 Thu, 24 May 2007 02:19:58 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/27 <![CDATA[ 2008年文登春季词汇班精彩文篇推荐（十二）]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/26
Whose Bright Idea?

Companies are cracking down on pirates who steal designs, movies and computer programs. The battle is getting hotter — and more important.

(1) When Johnson & Johnson introduced a new fiber-glass casting tape for broken bones several years ago, executives at Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing flew into a rage. The tape, which sets fractures faster than plaster?, was remarkably similar in design and function to a casting tape developed by 3M scientists. The St. Paul-based company quickly sued, charging J&J with violating four of its patents. Last month a federal court backed 3M and ordered J&J to pay $116 million in damages and interest — the fourth largest pat-ent-infringement judgment in history.

(2) Although the verdict is subject to appeal, the award underscores the growing importance of protecting in-tellectual property. That phrase may seem entirely too grand to apply to a song like If You Don’t Want My Peaches, You’d Better Stop Shaking My Tree, but it actually embraces the whole vast range of creative ideas that turn out to have value — and many of them have more value than ever. From Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse to Upjohn’s formula for its antibaldness potion?, patents, trademarks and copyrights have become corporate treas-ures that their owners will do almost anything to protect.

(3) In an economy increasingly based on information and technology, ideas and creativity often embody most of a company’s wealth. That is why innovations are being patented, trademarked and copyrighted in record numbers. It is also why today’s clever thief doesn’t rob banks, many of which are broke anyway; he makes un-authorized copies of Kevin Costner’s latest film, sells ______ Cartier watches and steals the formula for Merck’s newest pharmaceutical?. That’s where the money is.

(4) The battle is widening — U.S. companies filed more than 5,700 intellectual-property lawsuits last year in contrast to 3,800 in 1980 — and the stakes can be enormous. In the biggest patent-infringement case to date, Eastman Kodak was ordered last October to pay $900 million for infringing on seven Polaroid in-stant-photography patents. In a $100 million trademark suit, Mirage Studios, creator of the hugely popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters, is demanding that AT&T refrain from using such terms as turtle power and cowabunga in a 900-number telephone service for kids. In a far-reaching copyright case, book pub-lishers scored an important victory in March when a federal court in New York City fined the Kinko’s Graphics national chain of copying stores $510,000 for illegally photocopying and selling excerpts of books to college students.

(5) Yet thieves still reap a rich harvest. Inadequate protection of U.S. patents, trademarks and copyrights costs the U.S. economy $80 billion in sales lost to pirates and 250,000 jobs every year, according to Gary Hoffman, an intellectual-property attorney at Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin in Washington. The computer industry loses upwards of $4 billion of revenues a year to illegal copying of software programs. Piracy of movies, books and recordings costs the entertainment business at least $4 billion annually.

(6) With intellectual property now accounting for more than 25% of U.S. exports (compared with just 12% eight years ago), protection against international piracy ranks high on the Bush Administration’s trade agenda. The U.S. International Trade Commission, the federal agency that deals with unfair-trade complaints by Ameri-can companies, is handling a record number of cases (38 last year). Says ITC Chairman Anne Brunsdale: “Conceptual property has replaced produce and heavy machinery as the hotbed of global trade disputes.”

(7) One reason is that any countries offer only feeble protection to intellectual property. Realizing that such laxness will exclude them from much world trade as well as restrict native industries, nations everywhere are revising laws covering patents, copyrights and trade names. Malaysia, Egypt, China, Turkey, Brazil and even the Soviet Union have all recently announced plans either to enact new laws or reinforce existing safeguards. In an effort to win U.S. congressional support for a proposed free-trade pact, Mexico last month revealed plans to double the life of trademark licenses to 10 years and extend patent protection for the first time to such products as pharmaceuticals and food.

(8) Countries that don’t get with the program are asking for trouble. The Bush Administration in April placed India and Thailand on the commerce Department watch list for possible revenge because of those countries’ casual treatment of property rights. In Thailand, cited as the most notorious violator, copycat versions of Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet software sell for the equivalent of $50 instead of the $500 U.S. price. New movies like David Lynch’s Wild at Heart, not yet available on video in the U.S., go for $4 a tape.

(9) As intellectual property becomes more valuable and secure, people naturally create more of it. Evidence: filings for patents, trademarks and copyrights are hitting record highs. Last year some 174,700 patents were filed in the U.S., a 39% jump over 1985. The number of copyrights registered soared to 643,000 last year, in contrast to 401,000 in a five-year period ending in 1975. Overseas filings are also up. In Japan the number of patent applications nearly doubled between 1980 and 1988 as that government signaled its intention to enforce property laws more strictly. After a 29-year delay, Texas Instruments recently received a basic patent on inte-grated circuits in Japan that could bring the U.S. company an extra $500 million in annual revenues from Japa-nese chipmakers.

(10) Can intellectual-property protection be too rigourous? Maybe. The computer software industry, which thrives on the rapid exchange of ideas and continuous improvements, fears that vigorously enforced patents could chill innovation and stifle growth. Earlier this year, Hayes Microcomputer, the largest supplier of com-puter modems, won $11 million in damages from three Silicon Valley firms that copied Hayes’ software for sending and receiving data. The ruling alarmed programmers, who fear their own software could land them in court if it merely resembles someone else’s too closely. The industry also worries about the breadth of coverage. Can copyrights and patents be used to protect the display-screen appearance, the “look and feel” of software? Such questions are at the heart of Apple Computer’s intently watched copyright suit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard, which Apple says copied its Macintosh software.

(11) Time was when such fights over intellectual property were legal esoterica?. No longer. Get used to them because they are sure to command ever more attention. Says Lisa Raines, general counsel and director of the Industrial Biotechnology Association in Washington: “ A patent is the single most important item in the industry today. Without it, no company would invest or invent.” As global enterprise relies less on physical materials and more on human creativity, reliable protection of intellectual property will become central to world commerce.


]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/26#comment 512 Thu, 24 May 2007 02:16:16 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/26 <![CDATA[2008年文登春季词汇班精彩文篇推荐（十一）]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/25 Are Banks Obsolete?
“Fat, dumb and happy,” commercial banks are being quickly replaced as financial intermediaries

(1) What would happen to the U.S. economy if all its commercial banks suddenly closed their doors? Throughout most of American history, the answer would have been a disaster of considerable proportions, akin to the Depression brought about by the chain-reaction bank failures in the early 1930s. But in 1993 the startling answer is that a shutdown by banks might be far from disastrous.

(2) Consider this: though the economic recovery is now 27 months old, not a single net new dollar has been lent to business by banks in all that time. Last week the Federal Reserve reported that the amount of loans the nation’s largest banks have made to businesses fell an additional $2.4 billion in the week ending June 9, to $274.8 billion. Fearful that the scarcity of bank credit might undermine the fragile economy, the White House and federal agencies are working feverishly to encourage banks to open their lending windows. In the past two weeks, government regulators have introduced steps to make it easier for banks to lend. For instance, less pa-perwork will be needed to process loans, and formal appraisals are no longer required for every real estate loan.

(3) Is the government’s concern fully justified? Who really needs banks these days? Hardly anyone, it turns out. While banks once dominated business lending, today nearly 80% of all such loans come from nonbank lenders like life insurers, brokerage firms and finance companies. Banks used to be the only source of money in town. Now businesses and individuals can write checks on their insurance companies, get a loan from a pension fund, and deposit paychecks in a money-market account with a brokerage firm. “It is possible for banks to die and still have a booming economy,” says Edward Furash, a Washington bank consultant.

(4) The irony is that the accelerating slide into irrelevance comes just as the banks reaped record profits of $43 billion over the past 15 months, creating the impression that the industry is staging a comeback. But that income was not the result of smart lending decisions. Instead of earning money by financing America’s recovery, the banks mainly invested their funds — on which they were paying a bargain-basement 2% or so — in risk-free Treasury bonds that ______ 7%. That left bank officers with little to do except put their feet on their desks and watch the interest roll in.

(5) Those profits may have come at a price. Not only did bankers lose many loyal customers by withholding credit, they also accidentally opened the door to a herd of nonbank competitors, who swarmed into the lending market. “The banking industry didn’t see this threat,” says Furash. “They are being fat, dumb and happy. They didn’t realize that banking is essential to a modern economy, but banks are not.”

(6) The soft economy has often been used by banks as an excuse for the slowdown in extending credit. Yet evidence abounds that banks are still gun-shy` about lending to business. And no wonder. More than $125 bil-lion in failed loans to real estate buyers, developing countries, farmers and the energy industry have had to be written off in the past five years.

(7) The invasion of other financial companies eager to make loans has caused deep damage to the banking industry. “The banks are clearly losing the franchise` of lending to business,” says David Wyss, senior financial economist for DRI/McGraw-Hill, a large economic consulting firm. “That should be scaring them because this is where their real profits are.”

(8) Though banks lost most of their blue-chip corporate clients years ago to Wall Street’s capital markets, they still retained another profitable part of banking: the small and mid-size business borrower. But that has changed in the past few years. The spread of computer technology and sophisticated new loan strategies reduced both the risk and cost of lending to small business owners. Soon financial giants such as Merrill Lynch and John Han-cock, as well as smaller finance companies like Access Capital, went after the banks’ last domain of business borrowers.

(9) The new competitors have succeeded in part because banks have alienated so many of their traditional customers. “My experience with banks has been horrible,” says Barry Weinstein, president of Fulton Computer Products in Rockville Centre, New York. “Even if you bank with someone for 25 years, that still doesn’t amount to a hill of beans`.” Sales at Weinstein’s company jumped from $900,000 in 1988 to $18.5 million last year. Yet when Weinstein applied for a loan with 12 banks over a period of 24 months, all turned him down, even though he was never late in repaying his previous debts. He eventually borrowed $1 million from Access Capital, a fast-growing finance company based in New York.

(10) Joseph Ricci, who runs a private school in Maine for children with behavioral problems, spent more than two years trying to borrow $700,000 from as many as five banks. But even with $17 million in assets and an unerred credit history, Ricci walked away empty-handed. “We demonstrated to all of them how we could carry the loan. But the banks were just not lending money to business,” he says. Ricci went to a finance company and within six weeks got a loan.

(11) That’s the way the credit crunch has brought rapid growth to many nonbank lenders. “There is plenty of demand for financing from small companies,” says Access Capital president Miles Stuchin. “It’s just that the banks are turning them down.” Stuchin set up a finance company in 1986 that Inc. Magazine last year placed in the top 20% of the 500 fastest-growing companies in the U.S.

(12) Perhaps the greatest threat to commercial banks has come from life insurers and pension funds. The two have combined assets of $4.5 trillion, exceeding that of the entire banking industry. They are the largest source of financing for U.S. industry. While bank lending was dropping during the past two years, loans by life insurers jumped $50 billion.

(13) One such loan went to IDB Communications Group, a telecommunications service company based in Culver City, California, whose $78 million line of credit was canceled by a group of banks. “I spent every wak-ing hour for half a year on this issue,” says IDB’s chief financial officer, Ed Cheramy. “It was the worst experi-ence of my life.”

(14) Coming to the rescue with a $20 million loan was Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association, the na-tion’s third largest insurance company. In the past year, TIAA has lent a record $3.5 billion to business. Some $225 billion in loans to business are now held by the life-insurance industry, up 11% from two years ago.

(15) Wall Street firms have also cherry-picked some of the banks’ best business. Merrill Lynch, for example, has been targeting smaller companies since the mid-1980s. Last year its business financial-services division had about 3,000 clients and $800 million in loan commitments.

(16) With their loan portfolios under fire, banks are in danger of losing their depositors as well. Americans have withdrawn more than $500 billion from low-yielding bank accounts over the past three years in favor of higher-paying investments like mutual funds. Even the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s $100,000 guarantee is no longer exclusively available to banks and S&Ls. Brokerage firms like Prudential Securities now offer “insured income accounts” with checking privileges and government insurance.

(17) A few banks are vigorously working to recapture their share of business lending. This spring Chemical Bank, the nation’s third largest, kicked off the biggest marketing blitz in its history to attract small and me-dium-size business borrowers. An army of 1,800 lending officers, including bank president Walter Shipley and chairman John McGillicuddy, went knocking door to door at 5,000 companies across five states. “Am I con-cerned about Wall Street firms and investment bankers coming into the market? Absolutely,” says Frank Lourenso, who heads Chemical’s midmarket lending division. “They are real players, and I take them very se-riously. But we’re going to be very aggressive in looking for new business.”

(18) That drive was underscored last month when the Federal Reserve gave Chemical the green light to sell and underwrite corporate bonds. Normally banks are barred from such investment-banking activity under the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. But the Fed cited a loophole, and its decision allows certain banks to take on Wall Street directly in wooing business borrowers.

(19) Unshackling the banking sector entirely from such Depression-era regulatory chains may be the only way to reverse the 20-year structural decline of the banks. But that is something the Congress has steadfastly refused to do. Nor do such comprehensive reforms appear on President Clinton’s agenda. Yet until such changes are made, banks, once a fixture on the U.S. financial landscape, will continue their slow fade.




]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/25#comment 512 Fri, 18 May 2007 01:31:02 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/25 <![CDATA[考研英语各题型常见规律]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/24
考研英语各题型常见规律
　　考研英语无疑是最看基本功的，没有一定的词汇量、阅读量，考试时什么技巧也用不上。不过在扎实的基本功的基础上，知道一些出题、答题的常见规律，定会如虎添翼。下面是文登学校根据多年辅导经验就考研英语题中分值较大的几项总结的一些答题体会。

　　一、完形填空
　　从宏观上来讲，对一篇完形填空来说，我们首先通读全文，理解短文原意，找出短文脉络；再琢磨选项，掌握四选项的准确词义，利用语法知识，找出推理线索，确保结构完整；回读短文，注意句子结构，理清逻辑关系；最后还要把握篇章结构，确保意义完整和结构合理。从微观上讲，对于动词、抽象名词和形容词，必须把它们的词义放到语篇的上下文中考虑。对于语法要以意义为基础分清句子关系和逻辑关系，要注意行文中的固定搭配、词的复现、词的同现、语境和句际关系。总之，语篇和语境即上下文贯穿于整个做题过程的始终。

　　二、阅读理解
　　1.对于主旨题来讲，主要是看主题句。但在大多数情况下，篇章是没有主题句的。这就要主要从段落的主题句入手。段落的主题句判断方法是看一段的第二句或第三句。如果第二句和第三句是对第一句进行说明和阐述，那么第一句是主题句。如果第三句对第二句进行阐述，那么第二句是主题句。当然，也要注意有的段落主题句在段末的情况。但是，当遇到主旨题时，不一定非要找主题句不可。不妨先做其他题，等到其他题做完后，对篇章有了进一步的了解，做主旨题就较为简单了。
　　2.对于阅读理解中的词汇，决不能用“前缀”和“后缀”的方法去做题。一定要根据上下文，这才是词汇考查的目的。
　　3.对于细节问题，要从词义和语法着手，包括词义转换、句际关系和语篇理解。
　　4.对于推理题，要注意联系自己掌握的知识进行推理，因为这种题是在理解的基础上考作者与读者之间的shared knowledge，属于应用题型。对于“观点”和“态度”题，要注意语篇中的修辞。

　　三、英译汉
　　1.把替代部分明确写出，这指的是代词代替名词的问题，这些代词(如they，it)最好译成名词以表示答题者真正读懂了句子。
　　2.用常见惯用法表达，指是固定词组有约定俗成的意义，而不是字面的意思。如not so much……as……应严格译为“与其说……不如说”或“不是……而是……”，如译为“……与……是不一样的”评卷时会被认为是严重错误。这就要求考生掌握常用词组和固定搭配，有时固定搭配构成了整个句子的骨架。
　　3.掌握一定的词汇和语法，翻译时用上。翻译中考生反映出最大问题是词汇的贫乏和语法知识的欠缺。经常会遇到考生死活想不出某个单词，只好留个空表示“我真的不会”。诚实可嘉，但不是好事。
　　4.从语篇角度去理解，准确理解原文，尤其是篇章结构和内容，而不是仅仅是某一句，这是正确翻译的基础。离开上下文就不可能把英文句子准确、完整、通顺地用汉语表达出来。

　　四、作文
　　作文，不管是哪一类，第一句必须是总论点，写完之后展开，分一、二、三层。每一层用给的主题句做中心论点。对第一层再分三点论述。每一点也只要用一两句话就够了。这样的文章即保证了字数，又扣住了主题，同时又十分清晰。这种方法可称为十二句作文法。
　　这种方法写出来的文章不一定很漂亮，但很实用，为什么呢？这就要了解作文判卷时的情况，判卷时工作量非常大，一个人每天要看几百份，老师看得非常快，每一份卷子基本都是扫几眼，因此你的条理必须很清晰。主题句要明确，展开论点是最好用Firstly，Secondly，Finally，这样的文章老师看得轻松，即使写得不好，及格分肯定是会有的。反之，即使文章写得很漂亮，但老师匆忙之中看不清你的脉络，一时觉得头昏，很可能随便给你一个极低的分数。

]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/24#comment 512 Wed, 16 May 2007 01:05:16 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/24 <![CDATA[ 2008年文登春季词汇班精彩文篇推荐（十）]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/23
An AIDS Mystery Solved

(1) About 15 years ago, a well-meaning man donated blood to the Red Cross in Sydney, Australia, not knowing he has been exposed to HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS. Much later, public-health officials learned that some of the people who got transfusions? containing his blood had become infected with the same virus; presumably they were almost sure to die. But as six years stretched to 10, then to 14, the anxiety of health officials gave way to astonishment. Although two of the recipients have died from other causes, not one of the seven people known to have received transfusions of the man’s contaminated blood has come down with AIDS. More telling still, the donor, a sexually active homosexual, is also healthy. In fact his immune system remains as robust as if he had never tangled with HIV at all. What could explain such unexpected good fortune?

(2) A team of Australian scientists has finally solved the mystery. The virus that the donor contracted and then passed on, the team reported last week in the journal Science. contains flaws in its genetic script that appear to have rendered it innocuous?. “Not only have the recipients and the donor not progressed to disease for 15 years,” marvels molecular biologist Nicholas Deacon of Australia’s Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Re-search, “but the prediction is that they never will.” Deacon speculates that this “impotent” HIV may even be a natural inoculant? that protects its carriers against more virulent strains? of the virus, much as infection with cowpox warded off smallpox in 18th-century milkmaids.

(3) If this ______ proves right, it will mark a milestone in the battle to contain the late-20th century’s most ter-rible epidemic. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick, the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine would have far-reaching implications. “What these results suggest,” says Dr. Barney Graham of Tennessee’s Vanderbilt University, “is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate effective immunity against it.”

(4) The strain of HIV that popped up? in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral duplication. In fact, the virus is missing so much of this particular gene — known as nef, for negative factor — that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough, while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells — white blood cells that are critical to the immune system’s ability to ward off infection — it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence. Some of the infected Australians, for example, were found to carry as few as one or two copies of the virus for every 100000 T cells. People with AIDS, by contrast, are burdened with viral loads thousands of times higher.

(5) At the very least, the nef gene offers an attractive target for drug developers. If its activity can be blocked, suggests Deacon, researchers might be able to hold the progression of disease at bay, even in people who have developed full-blown AIDS. The need for better AIDS-fighting drugs was underscored last week by the actions of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory panel, which recommended speedy approval of two new AIDS drugs, including the first of a new class of compounds called protease? inhibitors?. Although FDA commissioner David Kessler was quick to praise the new drugs, neither medication can prevent or cure AIDS once it has taken hold.

(6) What scientists really want is a vaccine that can prevent infection altogether. And that’s what makes the Sydney virus so promising — and so controversial. Could HIV itself, stripped of nef and adjacent sections of genetic material, provide the basis for such a vaccine, as Deacon and his colleagues cautiously suggest? Ongo-ing work on SIV, the simian? immunodeficiency virus that causes an AIDS-like illness in monkeys, indicates that this might be less far-fetched than it sounds. Ronald Desrosiers at the New England Regional Primate Re-search Center has demonstrated that when the nef gene is removed from SIV, the virus no longer has the power to make monkeys sick. Moreover, monkeys inoculated? with the nef free SIV developed marked resistance to the more virulent strain.

(7) But few scientists are enthusiastic about testing the proposition by injecting HIV — however weakened — into millions of people who have never been infected. After all, they note, HIV is a retrovirus?, a class of infec-tious agents known for their alarming ability to integrate their own genes into the DNA of the cells they infect. Thus once it takes effect, a retrovirus infection — unlike those of viruses that cause measles, smallpox and any number of others diseases — is permanent. While some retroviruses are benign, others can strike without warn-ing. Some remain hidden for years, only to trigger disease late in life when the immune system starts to de-crease.

(8) This makes vaccine development extremely risky. A weakened strain of SIV that protected adult monkeys, for example, looked safe until researchers at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston showed that newborn monkeys with immature immune systems did not respond as healthy adults do. All the young primates, in fact, developed the very disease the weakened virus was supposed to prevent. For this and a host of other reasons, most AIDS researchers argue that the only prudent strategy is to concoct? a hybrid? vaccine, putting the key features of a disabled AIDS virus into something more benign than a retrovirus. Among the leading candidates: the vaccinia virus that successfully wiped out smallpox.

(9) A handful of researchers, however, argue that the more dangerous retroviral vaccine should not be written off prematurely. Desrosiers, for one, believes the situation in parts of the developing world (where the chance of HIV infection may reach 40% among sexually active adults) has become so desperate that a retroviral vaccine may be worth the ______. A live vaccine made from HIV, he maintains, can be made safer by removing not just the nef gene but several others as well. Desrosiers has found that he can cripple HIV by chemically deleting four of its nine known genes and still get a virus that replicates, at least in chimpanzees.

(10) At present, concerns about safety are so overwhelming that effors to develop a live retroviral vaccine are unlikely to win much support. But that could change as studies of long-term survivors — that small, charmed circle of people who have been infected with the AIDS virus but have remained disease-free — provide new in-sights into the weaknesses of the viral enemy and the untapped strengths of its human targets. “These individu-als,” observes Dr. Warner Greene, director of the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology in San Fran-cisco, “are natural experiments, and they hold a great secret that we are still trying to decipher?.” Indeed, it is entirely possible that the eight Australians who have caused such a stir will be cited by medical texts as the first people on the planet to be successfully, if accidentally, vaccinated against the AIDS virus — a virus that until now has seemed all but invincible.


]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/23#comment 512 Fri, 11 May 2007 01:32:00 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/23 <![CDATA[2008年文登春季词汇班精彩文篇推荐(九)]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/22 The Economics of Cloning

(1) Any normal species would be delighted at the prospect of cloning. No more nasty surprises like sickle cell? or Down syndrome? — just batch after batch of high-grade and, genetically speaking, immortal offspring! But representatives of the human species are responding as if someone had proposed adding Satanism to the grade-school Curriculum. Suddenly, perfectly secular? folks are throwing around words like sanctity and picking up medieval-era arguments against the arrogance of science. No one has proposed burning him at the stake, but the poor fellow who induced a human embryo to double itself has virtually abandoned — proclaiming his reverence for human life in a voice, this magazine reported, “ choking with emotion.”

(2) There is an element of hypocrisy to much of the anticloning frenzy, or if not hypocrisy, superstition. The fact is we are already well down the path leading to genetic manipulation of the depressing sort. Life-forms can be patented, which means they can be bought and sold and potentially traded on the commodities markets. Hu-man embryos are life-forms, and there is nothing to stop anyone from marketing them now, on the same shelf with the Cabbage Patch dolls.

(3) In fact, any culture that encourages in vitro fertilization? has no right to complain about a market in em-bryos. The assumption behind the in vitro industry is that some people’s genetic material is worth more than others’ and deserves to be reproduced at any expense. Millions of low-income babies die every year from pre-ventable ills like dysentery?, while heroic efforts go into maintaining yuppie zygotes? in test tubes at the unicel-lular stage. This is the dread “nightmare” of eugenics in familiar, marketplace form — which involves breeding the best-paid instead of the best. Cloning technology is an almost inevitable by-product of in vitro fertilization. Once you decide to go to the trouble of in vitro, with its potentially hazardous megadoses of hormones? for the female partner and various indignities for the male, you might as well make a few backup copies of any viable? embryo that’s produced. And once you’ve got the backup copies, why not keep a few in the freezer, in case Junior ever needs a new kidney or cornea??

(4) No one much likes the idea of thawing out? one of the clone kids to harvest its organs, but according to Andrew Kimbrell, author of The Human Body Shop, in the past few years an estimated 50 to 100 couples have produced babies to provide tissue for an existing child. Plus there is already a thriving market in Third World kidneys and eyes. Is growing your own really so much worse than robbing the bodies of the poor? Or maybe we’ll just clone for the fun of it. If you like a movie scene, you can rewind the tape, so when Junior gets all pimply? and nasty, why not start over with Junior II? Sooner or later, among the in vitro class, instant replay will be considered a human right.

(5) The existential objections ring a bit hollow. How will it feel to be one ______ among hundreds? The anti-cloners ask. Probably no worse than it feels to be the 3 millionth 13-year-old dressed in identical baggy trousers, untied sneakers and baseball cap — a feeling usually described as “cool.” In a mass-consumer society, notions like “precious individuality” are best reserved for the Nike ads.

(6) Besides, if we truly believed in the absolute uniqueness of each individual, there would be none of this unseemly eagerness to reproduce one’s own particular genome. What is it, after all, that drives people to in vitro rather than adoption? Deep down, we don’t want to believe we are each unique, one-time-only events in the universe. We hope to happen again and again. And when the technology arrives for cloning adult individuals, genetic immortality should be within reach of the average multimillionaire. Ross Perot will be followed by a flock of little re-Rosses.

(7) As for the argument that the clones will be sub-people, existing to live up to the vanity of their parents (or their “originals,” as the case may be), since when has it been illegal to use one person as a vehicle for the ambi-tions of another? If we don’t yet breed children for their SAT scores, there is a whole class of people, heavily overlapping with the in vitro class, who coach their kids to get into the nursery schools that offer a fast track to Harvard. You don’t have to have been born in a test tube to be an extension of someone else’s ego.

(8) For that matter, if we get serious about the priceless uniqueness of each individual, many distinguished so-cial practices will have to go. It’s hard to see why people should be able to sell their labor, for example, but not their embryos of eggs. Labor is also made out of the precious stuff of life — energy and cognition? and so forth — which is hardly honored when “unique individuals” by the millions are condemned to mind-killing, repetitive work.

(9) The critics of cloning say we should know what we’re getting into, with all its Orwellian implications. But if we decide to outlaw cloning, we should understand the implications of that. We would be saying in effect that we prefer to leave genetic destiny to the crap shooting? of nature, despite sickle-cell anemia and Tay-Sachs and all the rest, because ultimately we don’t trust the market to regulate life itself. And this may be the hardest thing of all to acknowledge: that it isn’t so much 21st century technology we fear, as what will happen to that tech-nology in the hands of old-fashioned 20th century capitalism.



【参考译文】: 复制人的经济分析

(1) 每一个正常的品种，有机会能复制后代，应该都会雀跃不已。从此不再会有镰状细胞或唐氏症候群等恼人的意外，只有一批批高品质的后代，从基因传承来看甚至是一种永生！可是人类这个品种的一些成员对这项讯息的反应，就好像听到有人提议把撒旦崇拜列入小学课程一样。完全没有宗教信仰的人，突然间满口都是“神圣”之类的字眼，而且重拾中古时代的论调来批评科学的狂妄。那位可怜的科学家，促使人类胚胎复制成功，现在虽然还没有人说要把他绑在桩子上烧死，他已经等于在忏悔了——公开宣称他崇敬生命，讲话时的声音据本刊报道是“激动得哽咽。”

(2) 这阵反对复制胚胎的喧哗，夹杂虚伪的成分在内——如果不是虚伪，也有迷信的成分。事实上，我们已经走到非常接近令人毛骨悚然的基因操控技术了。生命形态已经可以申请专利，这代表可以买卖，将来也可能在商品市场上交易。人类胚胎也是生命形态。现在有人要拿它来行销也没有法律可以禁止——可以和菜田洋娃娃摆在同一个架子上卖。

(3) 坦白说，一种文化，假如鼓励试管婴儿业，就没有资格抱怨胚胎市场的出现。试管婴儿业背后有一个假设：有些人的基因比别人的基因有价值，值得不计成本来保存、延续。每年有几百万个生在低收入家庭的婴儿死于不难预防的疾病，如痢疾。但是雅皮阶层的受精卵，还在单细胞阶段，在试管中就受到呵护，耗费了庞大的人力物力。这种情况，是优生学可怕的“梦魇”以熟悉的市场形态出现——培育的不是最优秀的品种，而是收入最高的品种。胚胎复制技术可说是试管婴儿技术无可避免的副产品。一旦你决定不畏试管婴儿术的麻烦——女性要施以超高剂量的荷尔蒙，可能会有危险，男性在各方面也有失尊严——那么好不容易制造出来的健康胚胎自然会想要备上几份。有了备份，那么何不冷冻一些起来，以防将来小宝宝万一需要个新肾脏或眼角膜？

(4) 把复制孩童解冻来摘取器官，这个想法没有人很喜欢。可是《人体商店》的作者金柏瑞尔说，过去几年来估计有50到100对夫妇为了让现有的小孩得到人体组织而再生小孩。此外，第三世界国家的肾脏、眼睛等早就有活跃的市场。自己去养来用，比起劫掠穷人的身体，真的会恶劣得多吗？或者我们只为了好玩来复制吧。电影的精彩片段看不过瘾可以倒带回来重看。那么，到小宝宝长得满脸疙瘩，讨人嫌的时候，不妨换个小宝宝重来一次吧？早晚的事，试管婴儿族会把“瞬间重播”视为他们的人权。

(5)存在主义式反对复制的论调听来不甚实在。这派反对者质问：你要是几百个复制人之中的一个，你会觉得怎样？这个感觉大概也不会太差，就像在300万个13岁的孩子之中，穿着一样的松垮垮的长裤、没绑鞋带的球鞋和同款的棒球帽——通常叫做“酷”的感觉。在这个大众消费形态的社会中，所谓“宝贵的个人特色”之类的观念，还是留给耐克球鞋做广告吧。

(6)况且，如果我们真的都相信每个人是绝对独特的，根本不会有人那么猴急的要去繁衍自己那一套基因组。追根究底，是什么因素让人不愿领养，要借助试管婴儿技术？因为在内心深处，我们不愿相信个人是独特的，在宇宙中只能发生一次，我们想要一再的发生。有朝一日，复制成年人的技术成熟了，基因的永生只要是大富豪就能购买。裴洛走了之后，会有一大群小复制品出现。

(7) 也有人说复制人会成为半人，只为了满足父母（也可能是“原版”，看情形）的虚荣心而存在。可是，利用别人来实现自己的野心，一向都不犯法。现在诚然还没有人针对学术性向测验去繁殖新品种的小孩，可是已经有一整群人，成员和试管婴儿族多有重叠，训练他们还在学步的子女进明星托儿所，以便一路直升哈佛。不在试管里出生也可以成为别人自我的延伸。

(8)说起来，如果我们真正重视每个人宝贵的独特性，那么许多历史悠久的社会习俗也都要废弃才行。例如，不能出卖胚胎、出卖卵子，为什么可以出卖劳力？劳力也是由珍贵的生命要素构成的——精力、认知能力等等。数以百万计的“独特的个人”注定要一辈子从事反复的、磨灭心智的劳动，这算是珍重生命吗？

(9)批评复制胚胎的人说我们要了解面对的是什么，要清楚它含有的奥威尔式的暗示。可是如果我们决定禁止复制胚胎，同样也要清楚此举的暗示涵义。禁止使用这种技术，等于表示我们宁愿把基因的命运留在大自然的手中，好像掷骰子一样。虽然可能发生镰状细胞贫血症、泰萨氏症等各种各样基因病变也甘冒风险，因为我们骨子里并不放心让市场来调节生命演进。这可能是最不容易承认的一点：我们怕的主要不是21世纪的科技，而是怕把这个科技交到旧式的20世纪资本主义手中，会引发什么后果。

]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/22#comment 512 Tue, 08 May 2007 00:53:43 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/22 <![CDATA[2008年文登春季词汇班精彩文篇推荐(八)]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/21 Hot Times All Around
(1) If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet’s fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth — global warming and the thinning ozone layer — have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures.
(2) But that doesn’t mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric? ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987 international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol?, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? and other ozone-depleting? chemicals by the year 2006.
(3) CFCs — first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, two of this year’s Nobel-prizewinning chemists — have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. If uncon-trolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth’s surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and cause cancer in humans. Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual “hole” in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal ______ have spurred industry to replace CFCs with safer substances.
(4) Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate? regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists. Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: “It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s.” Even that timetable could be thrown off by interna-tional smugglers who have been bringing illegal CFCs into industrial countries to use in repairing or recharging old appliances. Last year alone 20000 tons of contraband? CFCs entered the U.S. — mostly from India, where the compounds are less restricted.
(5) Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive $250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60% of those funds has been forthcoming. Says Nelson Sabogal of the U.N. Environment Program: “If devel-oped countries don’t come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recover. This is a critical time.”
(6) It is also a critical time for warding off? potentially catastrophic climate change. Waste gases such as car-bon dioxide, methane? and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: an eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sealevels and shifts in climate pat-terns.
(7) Delegates to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio passed a resolution urging industrial countries to reduce emis-sions of “greenhouse gases” to 1990 levels, mostly by increasing energy efficiency, but the agreement was purely voluntary — and exempted developing nations. The industrial countries were also asked to help devel-oping nations switch to less polluting technology in a program known as “joint implementation.” Unfortunately, that would take money, and industrial nations are not in a spending mood these days. A few pilot projects have gone forward. Three U.S. utilities are building a gas-fired power plant in the Czech Republic to replace a coal-burning plant, and Japan is exploring similar ventures in China. For the most part, though, getting developed countries to sponsor such programs has proved difficult. Inside the industrial world, emission-reduction efforts have been most successful in ecology-minded Germany and Japan. But in the U.S., the world’s biggest green-house polluter, legislators want to cut taxes rather than boost spending.
(8) Until recently, slackening governments could point to scientific uncertainty about whether global warming has started, but that excuse is wearing thin. A draft report circulating on the Internet has proclaimed for the first time that warming has indeed begun. Global average temperatures have risen about 1℃ in the past century, and human activity is almost certainly part of the cause. “It’s as clear a record as we can possibly get of a warming trend,” says Tom Wigley, a senior scientist with the U. S. National Center for Atmospheric Research and a con-tributor to the U. N. -sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which produced the re-port.
(9) The draft report says temperatures will probably continue to rise, jumping as much as 5℃ over the next century. That will be the biggest increase since the warming that ended the last Ice Age — but this one will be taking place over decades, not centuries. That means sea levels will rise, flooding coastal areas and river deltas and endangering more than 100 million people. Beyond that, rainfall patterns will undoubtedly change, disrupt-ing agriculture. And weather extremes of all kinds will get more extreme. Hurricanes and typhoons are pre-dicted to become more powerful and destructive; wet areas are likely to get wetter, triggering floods, while hot, dry parts of the world could get even more arid.
(10) Because the changes will be rapid, natural ecosystems — wet lands, rain forests, savannas — may be unable to adapt. Animals and plants that have evolved to live under a certain set of climate conditions will sud-denly face different circumstances. Many will go extinct. And the potential for deadly disease outbreaks will rise: warming waters will be more hospitable to germs like those that cause cholera?; disease carriers such as the Aedes aegypti mosquito may find they can survive nicely in places like northern Europe and the U.S., mak-ing illnesses such as malaria? more widespread.
(11) The good news is that this gloomy scenario? may galvanize? the world’s governments into taking serious action. The first line of attack, says Florentin Krause, an IPCC contributor and director of the California-based International Project for Sustainable Energy Paths, should be “no regrets” actions — changes that will be beneficial no mater how much of a threat global warming turns out to be. Among them: promoting the use of energy efficient appliances and cars. But the IPCC report, says Krause, makes it clear that nations must do more. For example, though it’s now more costly to generate electricity from solar cells than from gas or coal, using the sun’s clean energy could save money that would otherwise have to be spent in the future combatting the effects of global warming.
(12) The encouraging precedent is the Montreal Protocol for ozone protection, which showed how quickly na-tions can act when they finally recognize a disaster. A related lesson is that if CFCs do disappear, it will be partly because chemical manufacturens discover they can make a profit by selling safer replacements. The same process may ultimately be what relieves global warming. After long years of effort, manufacturers of solar-power cells are at last close to matching the low costs of more conventional power technologies. And a few big orders from utilities could drive the price down to competitive levels. If that happens, then all nations, from the rich to the poor, may end up working to save the atmosphere for the same reason they’ve polluted it: pure eco-nomic self-interest.

]]> http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/21#comment 512 Mon, 30 Apr 2007 01:15:40 GMT http://622005156.qzone.qq.com/blog/21